Methods: This study investigated the impact of different application rates (0, 600, 900, 1200, and 1800 kg/ha) of biochar on the soil nutrient contents, accumulation of nutrients and dry matter in different plant parts, and growth of flue-cured tobacco plants under field conditions. However, both positive and negative effects of biochar application have been recorded on plant growth and soil fertility. 4Center of Bee Research and its Products/Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production/Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS) and Applied College, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabiaīackground: Biochar application has become one of the most potential tools to improve soil fertility and plant growth for sustainable and eco-friendly agriculture.3Nujiang Green Spice Industry Research Institute, Lushui, Yunnan, China.2Yunnan Revert Medical and Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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1Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.A review by Sherman (2005) concluded that the risk for POF was 21 percent in premutation carriers compared to a 1 percent for the general population.Yingfen Yang 1† Waqar Ahmed 1† Chenghu Ye 2 Linyuan Yang 1 Lianzhang Wu 3 Zhenlin Dai 1 Khalid Ali Khan 4 Xiaodong Hu 1 Xiaohong Zhu 1 Zhengxiong Zhao 1* Premature ovarian failure (POF) is defined as cessation of menses before age 40 years, has been observed in carriers of premutation alleles. Some female premutation carriers may also develop tremor and ataxia.įemales who have a premutation usually are unaffected, but may be at risk for premature ovarian failure and FXTAS. The degree to which clinical symptoms of fragile X are present (penetrance) is age related symptoms are seen in 17 percent of males aged 50-59 years, in 38 percent of males aged 60-69 years, in 47 percent of males aged 70-79 years, and in 75 percent or males aged 80 years or older. Other neurologic findings include short-term memory loss, executive function deficits, cognitive decline, parkinsonism, peripheral neuropathy, lower-limb proximal muscle weakness, and autonomic dysfunction. The fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is characterized by late-onset, progressive cerebellar ataxia and intention tremor in males who have a premutation. Males who have a premutation with 59 to 200 CGG trinucleotide repeats are usually unaffected and are at risk for fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). The difficulties are usually not socially debilitating, and these individuals may still marry and have children.
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A few individuals with a premutation have subtle intellectual or behavioral symptoms, such as learning difficulties or social anxiety. Males and females who have a fragile X premutation have normal intellect and appearance. By contrast, the premutation CGG repeat in men remains at the same size or shortens as it is passed to the next generation.
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This means that women with the FMR1 premutation have an increased risk of having a child with fragile X syndrome. In women, the premutation is liable to expand to more than 200 repeats in cells that develop into eggs. People with about 55 to 200 repeats of the CGG segment are said to have an FMR1 premutation (an intermediate variation of the gene). Women with less severe changes may have premature menopause or difficulty becoming pregnant.īoth men and women may have problems with tremors and poor coordination. Girls who have the full FMR1 mutation have mild intellectual disability.įamily members who have fewer repeats in the FMR1 gene may not have intellectual disability, but may have other problems. Physical problems that have been seen include eye, orthopedic, heart and skin problems. Other behaviors in boys after they have reached puberty include poor eye contact, perseverative speech, problems in impulse control and distractibility. In addition males who have fragile X syndrome have loose joints (joint laxity), and large testes (after puberty).Īffected boys may have behavioral problems such as hyperactivity, hand flapping, hand biting, temper tantrums and autism. They have a particular facial appearance, characterized by a large head size, a long face, prominent forehead and chin and protruding ears.
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A boy who has the full FMR1 mutation has fragile X syndrome and will have moderate intellectual disability.